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API Specification Q1:2014
Specification for Quality Management System Requirements for Manufacturing Organizations for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Industry
a b s t r a c t This paper considers a multi-product problem with non-identical machines. This manufacturing system consists of various machine types with different production capacities, production costs, setup times, pro- duction rates and failure rates. One of the major issues in the planning phase of a manufacturing system is to take the best decision about which machines must be utilized to manufacture which items. As a result, the decision makers face three critical questions: what machines must be purchased, which items should be allocated to each machine, and what is the optimal cycle length. These decisions must be made to minimize system costs including utilization, setup, production and scrap costs. The multi-machine multi-product economic production quantity (EPQ) problem for an imperfect manufacturing system is formulated as a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP) , where the convexity property of multi- product single machine EPQ model is used to convert the problem into a bi-level decision-making prob- lem. In the first level, decisions about machine utilization and items allocation are made. After, in the second level the optimal cycle length for each machine is determined. To solve the problem at hand, a hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) is proposed integrating genetic algorithm and derivatives method. In the proposed HGA, the solutions of the first level are obtained randomly and then, for the second level, the derivatives method is applied to obtain optimal cycle length based on solutions of the first level. Finally, the results of HGA method are compared to the results of general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) and it is found that HGA method has better and more efficient results. Also, a numerical experimentation and a sensitivity analysis of the model are done.
کتاب Robotics for Electronics Manufacturing
Principles and Applications in Cleanroom Automation
نویسنده : KARL MATHIA
تعداد صفحه : 252
فهرست :
Preface page xi
1 Industrial robotics 1
1.1 History of industrial robotics 1
1.2 The global robotics industry 2
1.3 Applications and operational stock by region 5
1.4 Socioeconomic impact 6
1.5 Definitions, standards, and terminology 7
1.6 Applicable and related standards 11
2 Cleanroom robotics 12
2.1 Manufacturing in cleanroom environments 12
2.2 Semiconductor manufacturing 14
2.3 Flat panel display manufacturing 20
2.4 Substrate-handling robots 23
2.5 Applicable and related standards 28
3 Design of atmospheric robots 30
3.1 Clean materials 30
3.2 Prevention of electrostatic charge 37
3.3 Surface finishes for cleanroom robotics 43
3.4 Clean drive trains 48
3.5 Arm compliance 53
3.6 End-effectors 60
3.7 Robot assembly and handling 62
3.8 Applicable and related standards 70
4 Design of vacuum robots 73
4.1 Robotics challenges in vacuum environments 73
4.2 What is vacuum? 74
4.3 Static vacuum barrier 76
4.4 Dynamic vacuum barrier 79
4.5 Clean drive trains 92
4.6 External and internal leaks 99
4.7 Materials and surface finishes 104
4.8 Assembly and installation of vacuum robots 115
4.9 Applicable and related standards 120
5 Kinematics 124
5.1 Joint space, operational space, and workspace 124
5.2 Kinematic robot structures 126
5.3 Mathematical foundations 129
5.4 Forward kinematics 134
5.5 Inverse kinematics 149
5.6 Commercial substrate-handling robots 150
5.7 Applicable and related standards 153
6 Dynamics and control 154
6.1 Manipulator dynamics 154
6.2 Robot motion control 162
6.3 Networked, decentralized robot control 172
6.4 Applicable and related standards 177
7 Test and characterization 179
7.1 Airborne particle contamination 179
7.2 Surface particle contamination 182
7.3 Positioning accuracy and repeatability 186
7.4 Path accuracy and repeatability 199
7.5 Vibration analysis 206
7.6 Mechanical axis decoupling 212
7.7 Applicable and related standards 218
Appendix A SI units and conversion tables 220
Appendix B Standards organizations 223
Appendix C Standard temperature and pressure (STP) 225
References 226
Index
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دانلود مقاله انگلیسی Digital Designing And Manufacturing Techniques In Architectur
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Building projects today are not only born out digitally, but they are also realized digitally through ʺfile-to-factory processes of computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and computer numerically controlled technologies. It was the challenge of constructability that brought into question, what new instruments of practice are needed to take advantage of the opportunities opened up by the digital modes of production, instead of whether a particular form is buildable.
The advances in computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) technologies in the last few year especially since the mid-1990s, started to have an impact on building design and construction practices.
The generation and creative potentials of digital continuum and tools, together with manufacturing advances began as a response to industrialization in complex industries and called for architects to master the means of production in an attempt to remain engaged in the qualitive aspect of crafting buildings.