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نکاتی در مورد Rigging
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Hoists & Lever Hoists
Rigging Problems
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BP Process Safety Series Hazards of Nitrogen and Catalyst Handling
A collection of booklets describing hazards and how to manage them, 2009
سرفصلها:
1 Safe use of nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Properties of nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Uses and hazards of nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Hazards of open manholes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Hazards of temporary confined spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6 Hazards of piping under nitrogen purge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.7 Hazards of inerting equipment leaving a site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.8 Hazards of confusing nitrogen with air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.9 Hazards of trapped pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.10 Hazards of liquid nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.11 Hazards of explosimeter use in nitrogen atmospheres . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.12 Hazards of contaminated nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.13 General advice and safe practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2 Safe handling of catalyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.1 Properties of catalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.2 Fire hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3 Health hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4 Spent catalyst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.5 Nickel carbonyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.6 Crushing hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.7 Other hazards associated with catalyst handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.8 Catalyst unloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.9 Catalyst labelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.10 Catalyst disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.11 Respiratory and protective equipment requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.12 Catalyst specialist contractors for inert gas/nitrogen reactors . . . . . 48
3 Some points to remember . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4 Test yourself . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Guide to Environment, Safety and Health Management
Developing, Implementing & Maintaining a Continuous Improvement Program
مطالب
1. Environment Safety and Health (ES&H)...................................................1
1.1 Introduction............................................................................................1
1.2 ES&H Hazards Identification and Control........................................1
1.2.1 Definition of the Scope of Work..............................................2
1.2.2 Identification of Hazards.........................................................2
1.2.3 Mitigation of Hazards..............................................................4
1.3 Application of ES&H in the Design Process......................................5
1.4 Application in Operations and Maintenance Activities...................6
1.5 Work Control Process............................................................................6
1.6 Worker Feedback....................................................................................8
1.7 Organization Design.............................................................................8
1.7.1 Radiation Safety........................................................................9
1.7.2 Worker Safety and Health.....................................................10
1.7.2.1 Industrial Hygiene..................................................10
1.7.2.2 Industrial Safety......................................................10
1.7.3 Occupational Health...............................................................11
1.7.4 Environmental Science and Protection...............................11
1.8 Environment Safety and Health of the Past.....................................12
1.9 Environment Safety and Health in the Present...............................12
1.10 Environment Safety and Health in the Future................................13
1.11 R2A2s.....................................................................................................13
1.12 Project Management Approach to ES&H.........................................14
1.13 The Benefits of Compliance................................................................16
1.14 The Penalty of Noncompliance..........................................................17
1.15 The Catchall of Compliance...............................................................18
1.16 Communication....................................................................................19
1.17 Summary...............................................................................................19
2. ES&H Organizational Structure................................................................21
2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................21
2.2 Organization Structure Development..............................................21
2.2.1 Divisional Organization Structure.......................................22
2.2.2 Functional Organization Structure......................................23
2.2.3 Matrix Organization Structure.............................................25
2.3 ES&H Organization Structure...........................................................26
2.3.1 ES&H Functional Organization............................................28
2.3.2 ES&H Matrix Organization...................................................28
2.4 ES&H Organization Structure at the Department or Group Level.......................................................................................................29
2.4.1 Radiation Protection...............................................................29
2.4.2 Environment Safety and Health Support Services............30
2.4.3 Worker Safety and Health.....................................................31
2.4.4 Environment Protection.........................................................32
2.4.5 Occupational Health Services...............................................33
2.4.6 Environment Safety and Health Training...........................34
2.5 Summary...............................................................................................34
3. Radiation Protection.....................................................................................37
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................37
3.2 Management and Organizational Structure....................................38
3.3 Roles and Responsibilities..................................................................39
3.4 Radiological Program Flow-Down of Requirements......................39
3.5 Regulatory Requirements...................................................................40
3.6 Radiation Protection Programs..........................................................41
3.6.1 Radiological Control Manuals..............................................41
3.6.2 Radiological Protection Policies and Procedures...............42
3.7 Radiological Protection Program Assessment.................................43
3.8 Training in Radiation Protection.......................................................44
3.9 Radiation Protection Documentation...............................................45
3.10 Complacency in the Workplace..........................................................46
3.11 Response to Abnormal Conditions...................................................46
3.12 Balance between Being a Company and a Worker Representative....47
3.13 Summary...............................................................................................48
4. Worker Safety and Health...........................................................................51
4.1 Introduction..........................................................................................51
4.2 Industrial Hygiene Programs.............................................................53
4.2.1 Asbestos...................................................................................53
4.2.2 Beryllium..................................................................................55
4.2.3 Biosafety...................................................................................56
4.2.4 Chemical Safety and Hygiene (Hazard Communication)....56
4.2.5 Confined Space........................................................................57
4.2.6 Food Safety..............................................................................57
4.2.7 Heat Stress...............................................................................57
4.2.8 Lead...........................................................................................57
4.2.9 Nanotechnology......................................................................58
4.2.10 Hearing Conservation—Noise.............................................58
4.2.11 LASER.......................................................................................58
4.2.12 Personal Protective Equipment.............................................59
4.2.13 Refractory Ceramic Fibers.....................................................59
4.2.14 Respiratory Protection...........................................................60
4.2.15 Silica..........................................................................................60
4.3 Occupational and Industrial Safety..................................................60
4.3.1 Aerial Lifts...............................................................................60
4.3.2 Construction Safety................................................................62
4.3.3 Hoisting and Rigging.............................................................62
4.3.4 Hazardous Energy..................................................................62
4.3.4.1 Lockout, Tagout.......................................................63
4.3.5 Elevators and Escalators........................................................63
4.3.6 Ergonomics..............................................................................63
4.3.7 Explosives and Blasting Agent Safety.................................64
4.3.8 Fall Protection.........................................................................64
4.3.9 Powered Industrial Trucks....................................................64
4.3.10 Ladders.....................................................................................65
4.3.11 Lighting—Illumination..........................................................65
4.3.12 Machine Guarding.................................................................65
4.3.13 Pressure Safety........................................................................66
4.3.14 Signs..........................................................................................66
4.3.15 Traffic Safety............................................................................66
4.3.16 Walking-Working Surfaces....................................................66
4.3.17 Welding, Cutting, Soldering, and Brazing..........................67
4.4 Medical Surveillance Program...........................................................67
4.5 Occupational Exposure Limits...........................................................67
4.6 Analytical Laboratory.........................................................................68
4.7 Summary...............................................................................................68
5. Occupational Health and Medicine...........................................................71
5.1 Introduction..........................................................................................71
5.2 Management and Administration.....................................................72
5.3 Functions of the Occupational Health Staff.....................................73
5.3.1 Preemployment Physicals......................................................74
5.3.2 Medical Surveillance..............................................................75
5.3.3 Injury and Illness Evaluation................................................76
5.3.4 Fitness for Duty.......................................................................77
5.3.5 Return-to-Work Process.........................................................78
5.4 Prevention and Wellness Programs..................................................79
5.5 Injury and Illness Case Management and Reporting....................80
5.6 Challenges of Managing an Occupational Health Program.........82
5.7 Summary...............................................................................................83
6. Environmental Protection............................................................................85
6.1 Introduction..........................................................................................85
6.2 Organization Structure and Design..................................................85
6.3 Regulatory Structure and Drivers.....................................................88
6.4 Waste Management..............................................................................89
6.5 Environmental Permits....................................................................... 91
6.6 Regulatory Compliance and Reporting............................................ 91
6.7 Environmental Sustainability............................................................93
6.8 Employee Involvement........................................................................93
6.9 Environmental Interest Groups.........................................................94
6.10 Environmental Audits and Inspections...........................................94
6.10.1 Environmental Management Systems.................................95
6.10.2 Compliance Auditing.............................................................95
6.11 Summary...............................................................................................97
7. ES&H Program Support...............................................................................99
7.1 Introduction..........................................................................................99
7.2 Performance Assurance Office......................................................... 100
7.3 Communication Office...................................................................... 101
7.4 Injury and Illness Management and Reporting Office................ 102
7.5 Business and Finance Office............................................................. 103
7.6 Program Management Office........................................................... 104
7.7 Chemical Safety.................................................................................. 108
7.8 Summary............................................................................................. 110
8. ES&H Training............................................................................................. 111
8.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 111
8.2 Systematic Approach to Training.................................................... 113
8.2.1 Analysis of Training............................................................. 114
8.2.2 Design of Training................................................................ 116
8.2.3 Development of Training..................................................... 117
8.2.4 Implementation of Training................................................ 118
8.2.5 Training Evaluation for Effectiveness................................ 119
8.3 ES&H Training................................................................................... 120
8.4 Tracking of Training.......................................................................... 120
8.5 Training Records Retention..............................................................122
8.6 Summary.............................................................................................122
9. Continuous Improvement of Environment Safety and Health......... 125
9.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 125
9.2 Assessing the ES&H Organization................................................. 125
9.2.1 Assessment Techniques....................................................... 126
9.2.2 Performance-Based
Assessment Model............................ 127
9.2.3 Assessment Functional Elements....................................... 127
9.2.3.1 Compliance Functional Element......................... 128
9.2.3.2 Effectiveness Functional Element....................... 128
9.2.3.3 Quality Functional Element................................ 129
9.2.4 Performance-Based
Assessment Plan................................ 130
9.2.4.1 Assessment Plan Objectives................................ 130
9.2.4.2 Schedule of Performance...................................... 131
9.2.4.3 Identification of Assessor(s).................................131
9.2.4.4 Assessment Criteria and Lines of Inquiry.........132
9.2.5 Assessment Reporting and Results....................................132
9.2.5.1 General Assessment Information.......................132
9.2.5.2 Signature Approval Page.....................................133
9.2.5.3 Summary of Assessment Techniques and Observations..........................................................133
9.3 Performance Metrics and Performance Indicators........................134
9.3.1 Performance Metrics............................................................134
9.3.2 Performance Indicators........................................................135
9.3.3 Leading Metrics and Indicators..........................................138
9.3.4 Lagging Metrics and Indicators..........................................138
9.3.5 Qualities of Solid Performance Metrics and Indicators................................................................................139
9.3.6 Performance Metrics and Indicators in the Continuous Improvement Process.....................................140
9.3.7 Use of ES&H Metrics and Performance Indicators in Company Management........................................................143
9.4 Summary.............................................................................................144
10. Project Management Approach to Environment Safety and Health....145
10.1 Introduction........................................................................................145
10.2 The Project Management Approach................................................145
10.3 ES&H Scheduling..............................................................................146
10.4 Managing Cost...................................................................................152
10.5 ES&H Managers as Project Managers............................................152
10.5.1 Leadership Skill....................................................................154
10.5.2 Team Building.......................................................................154
10.5.3 Differing Opinion Resolution.............................................155
10.5.4 Technical Knowledge...........................................................156
10.5.5 Resource Allocation and Management..............................156
10.5.6 Organizational Skills............................................................156
10.5.7 Planning Skills......................................................................156
10.6 Time Management.............................................................................157
10.7 Summary.............................................................................................159
11. Succession Planning...................................................................................161
11.1 Introduction........................................................................................161
11.2 Employee Retention Strategy...........................................................162
11.3 The Role of Management in the Succession Planning Process....163
11.4 Attributes of a Good Succession Plan.............................................164
11.4.1 Identify Key Positions..........................................................165
11.4.2 Identification of Key Competencies...................................166
11.4.3 Identification of Candidates................................................167
11.4.4 Candidate Communication.................................................168
11.4.5 Gap Analysis......................................................................... 169
11.4.6 Define the Training and Development Plan..................... 170
11.4.7 Implementation of the Training and Development
Plan......................................................................................... 173
11.4.8 Evaluate Succession Plan..................................................... 173
11.5 The Role of a Mentor in Succession Planning................................ 174
11.6 External Hiring Process.................................................................... 175
11.7 ES&H Organizational Succession Strategy.................................... 175
11.8 Summary............................................................................................. 177
12. Technology and the ES&H Profession.................................................... 179
12.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 179
12.2 Use of Technology in the Workplace............................................... 180
12.2.1 Search Engines...................................................................... 180
12.2.2 Regulations and Standards................................................. 180
12.2.3 Applications Used by the ES&H Discipline...................... 181
12.2.4 Communications and Graphics.......................................... 182
12.2.5 Emergency Response........................................................... 182
12.2.6 Employee Observational Programs................................... 183
12.2.7 Training and Certification................................................... 184
12.3 Types of Technological Devices....................................................... 184
12.3.1 Smartphones.......................................................................... 184
12.3.2 Laptops and Tablets.............................................................. 185
12.3.3 Portable Instrumentation..................................................... 185
12.3.4 Simulation Devices and Digital Imaging.......................... 186
12.4 Technology Considerations.............................................................. 187
12.4.1 Organization and Storage of Media................................... 187
12.4.2 Validation of Data Used for Reporting.............................. 187
12.4.3 Security Protection of Electronic Data............................... 188
12.4.4 Use of Electronic Devices in the Workplace..................... 188
12.4.5 Social Media Sites and Networking within a
Technological Work Environment...................................... 188
12.4.6 Planning Costs Associated with Technological Devices.... 189
12.4.7 Overcoming Generational Differences.............................. 189
12.5 Cost–Benefit
Analysis........................................................................ 190
12.6 Summary............................................................................................. 192
13. Culture in the ES&H Work Environment.............................................. 193
13.1 Introduction........................................................................................ 193
13.2 Impact of Culture in the ES&H Environment............................... 194
13.2.1 Safety and Health................................................................. 194
13.2.2 Radiological Protection........................................................ 195
13.2.3 Environmental Protection................................................... 196
13.3 Methods to Evaluate Culture...........................................................196
13.3.1 One-on-One Daily Discussions..........................................197
13.3.2 Interviews..............................................................................198
13.3.2.1 Individual Interviews...........................................198
13.3.2.2 Group Interviews..................................................198
13.3.2.3 General Considerations When Interviewing....199
13.3.3 Surveys...................................................................................199
13.3.4 Performance Indicators........................................................200
13.4 Culture Improvement Initiatives within ES&H............................201
13.4.1 Defined Culture Values........................................................201
13.4.2 Key Performance Indicators................................................201
13.4.3 Leadership and Supervisor Training.................................202
13.4.4 Communications Plan..........................................................204
13.4.5 Focused Campaigns.............................................................204
13.4.6 Employee Involvement Committees..................................205
13.5 Tools for Improving Culture............................................................205
13.5.1 Organizational Culture Questionnaire.............................206
13.5.2 Culture Improvement Plan..................................................207
13.6 Summary.............................................................................................207
14. The Impact of Trust in an ES&H Organization....................................209
14.1 Introduction........................................................................................209
14.2 Trust the Building Block for Organizational Success...................210
14.3 The Impact of Mistrust in an Organization...................................210
14.4 The Role of Trust in an ES&H Organization..................................211
14.5 How to Establish Trust with Customers.........................................213
14.5.1 Humility.................................................................................215
14.5.2 Relationship...........................................................................215
14.5.3 Openness and Honesty........................................................215
14.5.4 Concern for Employees........................................................215
14.5.5 Competence...........................................................................215
14.5.6 Identification..........................................................................216
14.5.7 Reliability...............................................................................216
14.6 The Role of the ES&H Leadership Team in Building Trust.........216
14.7 The Corporate Safety Culture and Trust........................................217
14.8 Assessing Organizational Trust......................................................219
14.9 Summary.............................................................................................220
References............................................................................................................223